Kalandarka Aztec ama Mexica waa mid ka mid ah jadwaladaha Mesoamerican ee caanka ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sida Aztec empire ay ahayd xilligii ay soo degeen gumaystayaashii Isbaanishka, kalandarka Aztec wuxuu ku sii jiray mid ka mid ah labada nidaam ee ugu caansan, oo ay weheliso kalandarka Mayan.

Laakiin waa maxay dhabta Aztec kalandarka? Intee in le'eg bay ahayd mid casri ah iyo sida saxda ah ee loo barbar dhigay miilaadiga iyo kalandarka kale ee Yurub iyo Aasiya? Maqaalkani waxa uu ujeedadiisu tahay in laga jawaabo su'aalahan.

Muxuu ahaa Jadwalka Aztec?

Kalandarka Aztec kalandarka wuxuu ku salaysan yahay jadwalka kale ee Mesoamerican ee ka horreeyay, sidaas darteed, wuxuu lahaa qaab la mid ah iyaga. Maxaa ka dhigaya nidaamyadan calenderical-ka ah inay yihiin farsamo ahaan isku dhafan laba wareegyo

• Ka hore, oo loo yaqaan Xiuhpōhualli ama xisaabaadka sanadka wuxuu ahaa halbeeg iyo wareeg ku salaysan xilliyo wax ku ool ah oo ka kooban 365 maalmood - ku dhawaad ​​la mid ah kalandarka Gregorian Yurub.
• Ka labaad, loo yaqaan Tōnalphohualli ama maalin tirin waxay ahayd wareeg maalin diimeed. laga sameeyay 260 maalmood, mid kastaa wuxuu u go'ay ilaah gaar ah. Waxay ku wargelisay caadooyinka dadka Aztec.
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> Wadajir, wareegyada Xiuhpōhualli iyo Tōnalphohualli ayaa sameeyay jadwalka Aztec. Nuxur ahaan, dadka Aztec waxay lahaayeen laba sano oo taariikhi ah - hal kalandarka "sayniska" oo ku salaysanxilliyada iyo baahida beeralayda ee dadka, iyo hal kalandar diini ah oo si madaxbanaan u horumaray kii hore.

Hadaba, tusaale ahaan, halka miilaadiyada miilaadiyada ciidaha gaarka ah ee diini ah had iyo jeer ku dhacaan isla maalinta saxda ah ee sanadka (Christmas on 25th of December, Halloween on 31st of October, iyo wixii la mid ah), in Aztec kalandarka wareegga diineed kuma xidhna xilli-wareeg / beeralayda - 365 maalmood ee dambe waxay u wareegaan si madaxbannaan 260-kii maalmood ee hore.

Dariiqa kaliya ee ay labadaas isku xidhi jireen waxay ahayd in ay is qabsadaan oo dib loo bilaabo 52-kii sannadoodba mar. Taasi waa sababta Aztec "qarnigii", ama Xiuhmolpilli ka kooban yahay 52 sano. Muddadani waxay sidoo kale muhiimad weyn u leedahay diinta Aztec, maadaama 52-kii sano ee dunidu ay dhammaan karto haddii Aztec aysan "quudin" ilaaha qorraxda Huitzilopochtli oo leh allabaryo ku filan oo aadanaha ah.

13> Xiuhpōhualli - Dhanka Beeraha ee Jadwalka Aztec> Hoos waxaa ku yaal liiska tafatiraha ugu sarreeya ee soo bandhigay jadwalka Aztec. Tifaftirayaasha ugu sarreeya16' Aztec Maya Mayan Solar Qorraxda Dhagaxa Jadwalka Taallada Sawirka Sawirka Wall Plaque Sawirada Qadiimiga ah ee Mexico ee burburayAmazon.com16" Aztec Maya Mayan Solar Qorraxda Jadwalka Taallada Dhagaxa Dhagaxa ah ee Taallada Darbiga... Ka Daawo HalkanAmazon.comVVOVV Darbiga Qurxinta 5 Qayb ilbaxnimo qadiimi ah Canvas Wall Art Aztec Calendar Kan HalkanAmazon.comEbros Mexica Aztec Solar Xiuhpohualli & Tonalpohualli Wall Calendar Sculpture 10.75" Dhexroor... Halkan ka aragAmazon.com Cusbooneysii ugu dambeysay wuxuu ahaa: Noofambar 23, 2022 12:10 subaxnimo

Aztec sanad (xihuitl) tirinta (pōhualli) meertada, ama Xiuhpōhualli, waxay la mid tahay kallandarka xilliyeedka intooda badan maadaama uu ka kooban yahay 365 maalmood. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Aztecs waxay u badan tahay inay ka qaateen dhaqamada kale ee Mesoamerican, sida Maya, maadaama ay dejiyeen jadwalkooda muddo dheer ka hor inta aysan Aztecs u guurin bartamaha Mexico ee waqooyiga.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, mid ka mid ah dhowr waxyaalood oo kala duwan wareegga Xiuhpōhualli ee kalandarka Yurub waa in 360 ka mid ah 365-keeda maalmood la dhigo 18 bilood, ama veintena , mid kasta oo 20-maalmood ah. 5-tii maalmood ee ugu dambeysay sanadka waxa ay ka tageen maalmo "aan la magacaabin" ( nēmontēmi ). Kuwaas waxaa loo tixgeliyey nasiib-darro maadaama aysan u heellan (ama aysan ilaalin) ilaah gaar ah.

Nasiib darro, taariikhaha Gregorian-ka ee bisha Aztec kasta ma cadda. Waxaan ognahay magacyada iyo calaamadaha bil kasta, laakiin taariikhyahanadu waxay isku khilaafaan goorta saxda ah ee ay bilaabeen. Labada aragtiyood ee hormuudka ka ah waxa dejiyey labada Masiixifriars, Bernardino de Sahagún iyo Diego Durán.

Sida laga soo xigtay Durán, bishii ugu horeysay ee Aztec ( Atlcahualo, Cuauhitlehua ) waxay bilaabatay March 1 waxayna socotay ilaa March 20. Sida laga soo xigtay Sahagún Atlcahualo, Cuauhitlehua wuxuu bilaabmay Febraayo 2 wuxuuna dhammaaday Febraayo 21. Culimo kale ayaa soo jeediyay in sanadka Aztec uu ku bilaabmay vernal equinox ama Spring solar equinox kaas oo ku beegan Maarso 20.

Iyadoo aan loo eegin cidda saxda ah, kuwani waa bilaha Aztec 18. ee wareegga Xiuhpōhualli:

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1. >> Atlcahualo, Cuauhitlehua - Joojinta Biyaha, Dhirta Kor u kaca
2. Tlacaxipehualiztli - Cibaadada Dhalmada; Xipe-Totec ("midka fidsan")
3. Tozoztontli - Perforation ka yar
4. Huey Tozoztli - Perforation Greater
5. 3>Tōxcatl - Qallayl
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6. Etzalcualiztli - Cunista Galleyda iyo Digirta
7. Tecuilhuitontli - Iid ka yar kuwa la xurmeeyo
9> Huey Tecuilhuitl – Iiddii ugu waynayd ee kuwa la xurmeeyo
8. Tlaxochimaco, Miccailhuitontli - Bixinta ama Dhalashada Ubax, Iiddii Marxuumka la xurmeeyay
9. Xócotl huetzi, Huey Miccailhuitl - Iiddii Marxuumka aadka loo qaddariyo
10. Ochpaniztli - Xaaqid iyo Nadiifin
> Teotleco - Soo noqo ee ilaahyada
11. Tepeilhuitl - Iiddii Buuraha
12. Quecholli – Kor u qaadida calamada
13. Atemoztli – Hoos u dhacaee Biyaha
14. Tititl - Fidinta Kobaca
15. Izcalli - Dhiirigelinta Dhulka & Dadka

18b. Nēmontēmi- Muddada nasiib-darrada ah ee 5 maalmood oo aan la magacaabin

Wareegga 18-ka bilood wuxuu ahaa mid aad waxtar u leh maamulka nolol-maalmeedka dadka Aztec, beerahooda, iyo mid kasta oo aan ahayn -dhinaca diinta ee noloshooda.

Marka laga hadlayo sida dadka Aztec ay u xisaabiyeen "maalinta boodada" ee jadwalka Gregorian - waxay u egtahay inaysan sidaas samayn. Taa beddelkeeda, sannadkooda cusub had iyo jeer wuxuu bilaabmaa isla waqti isku mid ah isla maalintaas, waxay u badan tahay vernal equinox.

2> 5 nèmontēmi waxay u badan tahay shan maalmood iyo lix saacadood midkiiba.

Tōnalphohualli - Dhinaca Muqadaska ah ee Jadwalka Aztec

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Tōnalphohualli, ama Tirinta ee meertada Aztec, waxa la sameeyay 260 maalmood. Wareeggani wax xidhiidh ah lama lahayn isbeddelka xilliyeedka meeraha. Taa beddelkeeda, Tōnalpōhualli waxay lahayd muhiimad diimeed iyo calaamad.

260-maalin kasta oo wareeg ah wuxuu ka koobnaa 13 trecena , ama “toddobaadyo/bilo”, iyadoo mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ahi uu dheer yahay 20 maalmood. Mid kasta oo ka mid ah 20kaas maalmood wuxuu lahaa magac u gaar ah curiye, shay, ama xayawaan dabiici ah kaas oo trecena kasta lagu asteeyay tiro u dhaxaysa 1 ilaa 13.

2> 20ka maalmood ayaa loo magacaabay sidan:<0

Cipactli – Yaxaas

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Ehēcatl – Dabayl

Calli – Guriga

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3>Cuetzpalin - Qorraxda

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Cōātl -Mas

Miquiztli – Geerida

Mazātl – Deerada

Tōchtli – Bakayle

9> Ātl– Biyo>

>Itzcuīntli – Ey

Ozomahtli – Daanyeer

Malīnalli – Caws

> Ācatl – Reed

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Ocēlōtl – Jaguar ama Ocelot

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>Cuāuhtli > – Gorgor

Cōzcacuāuhtli – Vulture

Ōlin – Dhulgariir

Tecpatl – Flint<12

Quiyahuitl – Roobka

Xōchitl – Ubax

Mid kasta oo 20ka maalmood ka mid ah waxa uu yeelanayaa calaamad u gaar ah oo uu ku matalo waa. Astaanta Quiyahuitl/Roobku waxa ay noqonaysaa tan ilaaha roobaadka Aztec ee Tlāloc, tusaale ahaan, halka maalinta Itzcuīntli/Eyga loo muujin doono madaxa eyga.

jihada aduunka sidoo kale. Cipactli/Yaxaaska waxay ahaan doontaa bari, Ehēcatl/Wind waxay ahaan doontaa woqooyi, Calli/House - galbeed, iyo Cuetzpalin/Lizard - koonfurta. Laga soo bilaabo halkaas, 16ka maalmood ee soo socda waxay u wareegi doonaan si la mid ah. Tilmaamahani waxay sidoo kale la xiriiri doonaan Sagaal Sayid ama Ilaahyada Habeenka ee Aztec Astrology:

1. Xiuhtecuhtli (Sayidkii Dabka) - Xarunta
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2. > Itztli (ilaah mindida allabariga) - Bari
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3. Pilzintecuhtli (ilaah qorraxdu) - Bari
4. Cinteotl (ilaah galley) - Koonfur
5. Mictlantecuhtli (ilaahyada dhimashada) - Koonfur
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6. Chalchiuhtlicue (Goddess) - Galbeed
> Tlazolteotl > (ilaahyada wasakhda ah) - Galbeedka

Tepeyollotl (jaguar god) -Waqooyi

Tlaloc (ilaah roobaadka) - Waqooyi

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Marka 20-ka maalmood ee ugu horreeya ee Tonalpōhualli ay dhaafaan, taasi waxay noqon doontaa dhammaadka trecena-ka ugu horreeya. Kadibna, trecena labaad ayaa bilaabmi doonta, maalmaha ku jirana waxaa lagu calaamadin doonaa lambarka labaad. Haddaba, maalinta 5aad ee sanadka Tonalpōhualli waxay ahayd 1 Cōātl halka maalinta 25aad ee sanadka ay ahayd 2 Cōātl sababtoo ah waxay ka tirsan tahay trecena labaad. Aztec ilaahnimada, iyada oo in yar oo iyaga ka mid ah ay labanlaabmeen tiradii hore ee Sagaalka ilaahyada Habeenka. 13-ka trecenas waxay u heellan yihiin ilaahyada soo socda:

1. Xiuhtecuhtli
2. Tlaltecuhtli 4>
3. Tonatiuh
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4. Tlazolteotl
5. Mctlantecuhtli
6. > Cinteotl 12>
7. Tlaloc
8. Quetzalcoatl
9. Tezcatlipoca
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10. 3>Chalmacatecuhtli
11. Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli
12. Citlalincue

Xiuhmolpilli – The Aztec 52-sano “qarnigii "

Magaca qarniga Aztec ee sida weyn loo isticmaali jiray waa Xiuhmolpilli. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ereyga saxda ah ee luqadda Aztec ee asalka ah Nahuatl wuxuu ahaa Xiuhnelpilli .

Iyadoo aan loo eegin sida aan u dooranno inaan ugu yeerno, qarnigii Aztec wuxuu lahaa 52 Xiuhpōhualli ( 365-maalin) wareegyo iyo 73 Tōnalphohualli (260-maalmood) wareegyo. Sababtu waxay ahayd xisaab adag - labada jadwal ayaa dib isu waafajin doona wixii ka dambeeyawareegyo badan. Haddii, dhamaadkii qarniga, dadka Aztec ma aysan u bixin dad ku filan ilaaha dagaalka Huitzilopochtli, waxay rumaysnaayeen in dunidu dhammaan doonto.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si ay arrimaha uga sii adkeeyaan, halkii ay tirin lahaayeen 52 sano oo nambaro leh, Aztecs waxay ku calaamadiyeen isku darka 4 kelmadood (tochtli, acati, tecpati, iyo calli) iyo 13 lambar (laga bilaabo 1 ilaa 13).

Marka, sanadka ugu horeeya ee qarni kasta waxaa loogu yeeraa 1 tochtli, ka labaad - 2 acati, ka saddexaad - 3 tecpati, afraad - 4 calli, shanaad - 5 tochtli, iyo wixii la mid ah ilaa 13. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sanadka afar iyo tobnaad waxaa loogu yeeri doonaa 1 acati sababtoo ah saddex iyo toban ma aha si qumman u qaybi afar. Sannadka shan iyo tobnaad wuxuu noqonayaa 2 tecpati, lix iyo tobnaad - 3 calli, toddoba iyo tobnaad - 4 tochtli, iyo wixii la mid ah. Haddii aad xiisaynayso, qoritaanka qoraalkan, waxaan ku jirnaa sanadka 9 calli (2021), oo ku dhow dhammaadka Xiuhmolpilli/qarnigii hadda jira. 2022 waxay noqon doontaa 10 tochtli, 2023 – 11 acati, 2024 – 12 tecpati, 2025 – 13 calli. waxaan dhiig ku filan u huray ilaaha dagaalka Huitzilopochtli

Waa maxay sababta ay u adag tahay?

Sida sababta ay tani u tahay mid isku dhafan iyo sababta Aztecs (iyo dhaqamada kale ee Mesoamerican) ay xitaa dhibsadeen laba wareegyo kala duwan oo kala duwan - ma nihin. run ahaantii waa garanayaan.

Malaha, waxay haysteen kalandarka 260-ka maalmood ee Tonalpōhualli calaamad iyo diineed marka hore ka hor intaysan abuurin Xiuhpōhualli saxda ah ee wareegga 365-maalmood. Dabadeed, halkii ay iska tuuri lahaayeen meertadii hore, waxay go’aansadeen in ay isku mar u adeegsadaan tii hore ee dhaqankii hore ee diineed, kan cusubna dhammaan arrimaha la taaban karo sida beerashada, ugaarsiga, iyo wixii la mid ah.

Duubitaanka

>Kalandarka Aztec wuxuu sii wadaa inuu xiiseeyo kuwa xiiseeya taariikhda. Sawirka kalandarka waxaa loo isticmaalaa dahabka, moodada, tattoos, qurxinta guriga iyo wax ka badan. Waa mid ka mid ah dhaxalka ugu xiisaha badan ee ay ka tageen Aztecs.